The LandScanTM Dataset comprises a worldwide population database compiled on a 30" X 30"
latitude/longitude grid. Census counts (at sub-national level) were apportioned to each grid cell
based on likelihood coefficients, which are based on proximity to roads, slope, land cover, nighttime
lights, and other information. LandScan has been developed as part of the Oak Ridge National
Laboratory (ORNL) Global Population Project for estimating ambient populations at risk. Available at http://www.ornl.gov/sci/landscan/index.html.
P. Hearn, Jr., T. Hare, P. Schruben, D. Sherrill, C. Lamar, and P.
Tsushima, 2003. Global GIS Database: Digital Atlas of the Earth, USGS
Digital Data Series DDS-62-H, Flagstaff, AZ.
Water Bodies
P. Hearn, Jr., T. Hare, P. Schruben, D. Sherrill, C. Lamar, and P.
Tsushima, 2003. Global GIS Database: Digital Atlas of the Earth, USGS
Digital Data Series DDS-62-H, Flagstaff, AZ.
Streams: non-perennial and perennial
P. Hearn, Jr., T. Hare, P. Schruben, D. Sherrill, C. Lamar, and P.
Tsushima, 2003. Global GIS Database: Digital Atlas of the Earth, USGS
Digital Data Series DDS-62-H, Flagstaff, AZ.
Built-up areas
P. Hearn, Jr., T. Hare, P. Schruben, D. Sherrill, C. Lamar, and P.
Tsushima, 2003. Global GIS Database: Digital Atlas of the Earth, USGS
Digital Data Series DDS-62-H, Flagstaff, AZ.
Spatial limits and endemic levels of Plasmodium falciparum
in 2005.
Hypoendemic, Mesoendemic and Hyper-holoendemic
Several sources of information on malaria risk (notably international
travel health guidelines on malaria chemoprophylaxis, altitude limits
for dominant vectors, climate limits for malaria transmission and human
population density thresholds) have been combined in a GIS to generate
this map. See Guerra et al. (2006) Advances in Parasitology 62: 157 – 179
and Guerra et al. (2006) Trends in Parasitology 22: 353 – 358 for details.
The method for defining the endemic levels within these limits can
be found in Snow et al. (2005) Nature 434: 214 – 217.
This map layer was digitized from an image file that was available
from the Malaria Atlas Project http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/index.htm,
and is provided here only as a guide. Errors of translation and geopositioning
may have occurred, particularly in coastal areas, that were not present
on the original image.
Spatial limits and endemic levels of Plasmodium vivax in 2005.
Several sources of information on malaria risk (notably international
travel health guidelines on malaria chemoprophylaxis, altitude limits
for dominant vectors, climate limits for malaria transmission and human
population density thresholds) have been combined in a GIS to generate
this map. See Guerra et al. (2006) Advances in Parasitology 62: 157 – 179
and Guerra et al. (2006) Trends in Parasitology 22: 353 – 358 for details.
The method for defining the endemic levels within these limits can
be found in Snow et al. (2005) Nature 434: 214 – 217.
This map layer was digitized from an image file that was available
from the Malaria Atlas Project http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/index.htm,
and is provided here only as a guide. Errors of translation and geopositioning
may have occurred, particularly in coastal areas, that were not present
on the original image.
Spatial limits and endemic levels of Plasmodium falciparum
in 2007.
Stable (where PfAPI greater than or equal to 0.1 per thousand pa) and
Unstable (where PfAPI < 0.1 per thousand pa)
Uses nationally reported case-incidence data, medical intelligence,
and biological rules of transmission exclusion, using temperature and
aridity limits informed by the bionomics of dominant Anopheles vector
species. See Guerra, C.A., Gikandi, P.W., Tatem, A.J., Noor, A.M., Smith,
D.L., Hay, S.I. & Snow, R.W. (2008). The limits and intensity of
Plasmodium falciparum transmission: implications for malaria control
and elimination worldwide. PLoS Med, 5(2):e38, and the Malaria Atlas
Project http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/index.htm for
details.
Spatial limits and endemic levels of Plasmodium vivax in 2007.
Uses nationally reported case-incidence data, medical intelligence, and biological rules of transmission exclusion, using temperature and aridity limits informed by the bionomics of dominant Anopheles vector species. See Guerra, C.A., Gikandi, P.W., Tatem, A.J., Noor, A.M., Smith, D.L., Hay, S.I. & Snow, R.W. (2008). The limits and intensity of Plasmodium falciparum transmission: implications for malaria control and elimination worldwide. PLoS Med, 5(2):e38, and the Malaria Atlas Project http://www.map.ox.ac.uk/index.htm for details.
Plasmodium falciparum prevalence in children 2-9 years (Tanzania).
Estimated Pf risk at 30 metre resolution [resampled to 1km resolution] from regression analysis of community-based measures of prevalence with altitude and area of vector habitat within 1.5km radius of grid cells. See Kulkarni MA, Desrochers RE and Kerr JT (2010). High resolution niche models of malaria vectors in Tanzania: A new capacity to predict malaria risk? PLoS ONE 5(2): e9396.
See http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0009396 for
details.
SubmitterAddress: Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit MSC MRC534 Smithsonian
Institution 4210 Silver Hill Rd Suitland MD 20746 USA
DateLastModified: 2008-03-28
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.04degrees
ModelDescription: Consensus by intersection of models by GARP (Desktop
GARP 1.1.3, Scachetti-Pereira 2003) and Maxent 2.2.0 (Phillips 2006)
LayerClasses: 2
Threshold: 0.05 omission
Value range: 0, 1 (Value of each pixel represents probability of absence (0) or presence (1) of species occurrence in that pixel)
NumberUniquePoints: 73
EnvironmentalLayers: 59 layers reduced to 15 by PCA
RelatedInformation: Foley, D.H., Rueda, L.M., Peterson, A.T. and Wilkerson,
R.C. (2008). Potential distribution of two species in the medically important
Anopheles minimus complex (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 45(5):
852-860.
SubmitterAddress: Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit MSC MRC534 Smithsonian
Institution 4210 Silver Hill Rd Suitland MD 20746 USA
DateLastModified: 2008-03-28
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.04degrees
ModelDescription: Consensus by intersection of models by GARP (Desktop
GARP 1.1.3, Scachetti-Pereira 2003) and Maxent 2.2.0 (Phillips 2006)
LayerClasses: 2
Threshold: 0.05 omission
Value range: 0, 1 (Value of each pixel represents probability of absence (0) or presence (1) of species occurrence in that pixel)
NumberUniquePoints: 42
EnvironmentalLayers: 59 layers reduced to 15 by PCA
RelatedInformation: Foley, D.H., Rueda, L.M., Peterson, A.T. and Wilkerson,
R.C. (2008). Potential distribution of two species in the medically important
Anopheles minimus complex (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 45(5):
852-860.
SubmitterAddress: Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit MSC MRC534 Smithsonian
Institution 4210 Silver Hill Rd Suitland MD 20746 USA
DateLastModified: 2008-10-28
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.0083degrees
ModelDescription: Consensus by intersection of models by GARP (Desktop
GARP 1.1.3, Scachetti-Pereira 2003) and Maxent 2.2.0 (Phillips 2006)
LayerClasses: 2
Threshold: lowest presence threshold
Value range: 0, 1 (Value of each pixel represents probability of absence (0) or presence (1) of species occurrence in that pixel)
NumberUniquePoints: 80
EnvironmentalLayers: 86 layers reduced to 15 by PCA
RelatedInformation: Foley, D.H., Klein, T.A., Kim, H-C., Sames W.J.,
Wilkerson R.C. and Rueda, L.M. The geographic distribution and ecology
of potential malaria vectors in the Republic of Korea. J. Med. Entomol.
46: 680-692
SubmitterAddress: Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit MSC MRC534 Smithsonian
Institution 4210 Silver Hill Rd Suitland MD 20746 USA
DateLastModified: 2008-10-28
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.0083degrees
ModelDescription: Consensus by intersection of models by GARP (Desktop
GARP 1.1.3, Scachetti-Pereira 2003) and Maxent 2.2.0 (Phillips 2006)
LayerClasses: 2
Threshold: lowest presence threshold
NumberUniquePoints: 32
Value range: 0, 1 (Value of each pixel represents probability of absence (0) or presence (1) of species occurrence in that pixel)
EnvironmentalLayers: 86 layers reduced to 15 by PCA
RelatedInformation: Foley, D.H., Klein, T.A., Kim, H-C., Sames W.J.,
Wilkerson R.C. and Rueda, L.M. The geographic distribution and ecology
of potential malaria vectors in the Republic of Korea. J. Med. Entomol.
46: 680-692.
SubmitterAddress: Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit MSC MRC534 Smithsonian
Institution 4210 Silver Hill Rd Suitland MD 20746 USA
DateLastModified: 2008-10-28
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.0083degrees
ModelDescription: Consensus by intersection of models by GARP (Desktop
GARP 1.1.3, Scachetti-Pereira 2003) and Maxent 2.2.0 (Phillips 2006)
LayerClasses: 2
Threshold: lowest presence threshold
NumberUniquePoints: 33
Value range: 0, 1 (Value of each pixel represents probability of absence (0) or presence (1) of species occurrence in that pixel)
EnvironmentalLayers: 86 layers reduced to 15 by PCA
RelatedInformation: Foley, D.H., Klein, T.A., Kim, H-C., Sames W.J.,
Wilkerson R.C. and Rueda, L.M. The geographic distribution and ecology
of potential malaria vectors in the Republic of Korea. J. Med. Entomol.
46: 680-692.
SubmitterAddress: Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit MSC MRC534 Smithsonian
Institution 4210 Silver Hill Rd Suitland MD 20746 USA
DateLastModified: 2008-10-28
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.0083degrees
ModelDescription: Consensus by intersection of models by GARP (Desktop
GARP 1.1.3, Scachetti-Pereira 2003) and Maxent 2.2.0 (Phillips 2006)
LayerClasses: 2
Threshold: lowest presence threshold
Value range: 0, 1 (Value of each pixel represents probability of absence (0) or presence (1) of species occurrence in that pixel)
NumberUniquePoints: 36
EnvironmentalLayers: 86 layers reduced to 15 by PCA
RelatedInformation: Foley, D.H., Klein, T.A., Kim, H-C., Sames W.J.,
Wilkerson R.C. and Rueda, L.M. The geographic distribution and ecology
of potential malaria vectors in the Republic of Korea. J. Med. Entomol.
46: 680-692.
SubmitterAddress: Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit MSC MRC534 Smithsonian
Institution 4210 Silver Hill Rd Suitland MD 20746 USA
DateLastModified: 2008-10-28
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.0083degrees
ModelDescription: Consensus by intersection of models by GARP (Desktop
GARP 1.1.3, Scachetti-Pereira 2003) and Maxent 2.2.0 (Phillips 2006)
LayerClasses: 2
Threshold: lowest presence threshold
Value range: 0, 1 (Value of each pixel represents probability of absence (0) or presence (1) of species occurrence in that pixel)
NumberUniquePoints: 9
EnvironmentalLayers: 86 layers reduced to 15 by PCA
RelatedInformation: Foley, D.H., Klein, T.A., Kim, H-C., Sames W.J.,
Wilkerson R.C. and Rueda, L.M. The geographic distribution and ecology
of potential malaria vectors in the Republic of Korea. J. Med. Entomol.
46: 680-692.
SubmitterAddress: Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit MSC MRC534 Smithsonian
Institution 4210 Silver Hill Rd Suitland MD 20746 USA
DateLastModified: 2008-10-28
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.0083degrees
ModelDescription: Consensus by intersection of models by GARP (Desktop
GARP 1.1.3, Scachetti-Pereira 2003) and Maxent 2.2.0 (Phillips 2006)
LayerClasses: 2
Threshold: lowest presence threshold
Value range: 0, 1 (Value of each pixel represents probability of absence (0) or presence (1) of species occurrence in that pixel)
NumberUniquePoints: 9
EnvironmentalLayers: 86 layers reduced to 15 by PCA
RelatedInformation: Foley, D.H., Klein, T.A., Kim, H-C., Sames W.J.,
Wilkerson R.C. and Rueda, L.M. The geographic distribution and ecology
of potential malaria vectors in the Republic of Korea. J. Med. Entomol.
46: 680-692.
SubmitterAddress: Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit MSC MRC534 Smithsonian
Institution 4210 Silver Hill Rd Suitland MD 20746 USA
DateLastModified: 2008-10-28
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.0083degrees
ModelDescription: Consensus by intersection of models by GARP (Desktop
GARP 1.1.3, Scachetti-Pereira 2003) and Maxent 2.2.0 (Phillips 2006)
LayerClasses: 2
Threshold: lowest presence threshold
Value range: 0, 1 (Value of each pixel represents probability of absence (0) or presence (1) of species occurrence in that pixel)
NumberUniquePoints: 12
EnvironmentalLayers: 86 layers reduced to 15 by PCA
RelatedInformation: Foley, D.H., Klein, T.A., Kim, H-C., Sames W.J.,
Wilkerson R.C. and Rueda, L.M. The geographic distribution and ecology
of potential malaria vectors in the Republic of Korea. J. Med. Entomol.
46: 680-692.
SubmitterAddress: Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit MSC MRC534 Smithsonian
Institution 4210 Silver Hill Rd Suitland MD 20746 USA
DateLastModified: 2008-10-28
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.0083degrees
ModelDescription: Consensus by intersection of models by GARP (Desktop
GARP 1.1.3, Scachetti-Pereira 2003) and Maxent 2.2.0 (Phillips 2006)
LayerClasses: 2
Threshold: lowest presence threshold
Value range: 0, 1 (Value of each pixel represents probability of absence (0) or presence (1) of species occurrence in that pixel)
NumberUniquePoints: 20
EnvironmentalLayers: 86 layers reduced to 15 by PCA
RelatedInformation: Foley, D.H., Klein, T.A., Kim, H-C., Sames W.J.,
Wilkerson R.C. and Rueda, L.M. The geographic distribution and ecology
of potential malaria vectors in the Republic of Korea. J. Med. Entomol.
46: 680-692.
SubmitterAddress: USUHS, Dept of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, MD 20814 USA
DateLastModified: 2009-12-22
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.0083degrees
ModelDescription: Maxent model version 3.219 (Phillips 2006)
LayerClasses: na
Threshold: na
Value range: 0.00002 to 0.98 (Value of each pixel represents the probability of species occurrence in that pixel)
NumberUniquePoints: 96
EnvironmentalLayers: 51 layers: Boston University’s Land Cover derived from MODIS, sum of cropland pixels in 5x5 pixel area,
WorldClim monthly precipitation, WorldClim monthly minimum temperature, WorldClim monthly maximum temperature, SPOT mean monthly
NDVI, SRTM elevation
RelatedInformation: Masuoka PM, Klein TA, Kim HC, Claborn DM, Achee N, Andre R, Chamberlin J, Small J, Anyamba A, Lee DK, Yi SH,
Sardelis M, Ju YR, Grieco J. Modeling the distribution of Culex tritaeniorhynchus to Predict Japanese Encephalitis Distribution in
the Republic of Korea. International Journal of Health Geographics (submitted).
SubmitterAddress: IAEA Agency's Laboratories/NAHU A-2444 Seibersdorf Austria
DateLastModified: 2003-11-10
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.1degrees
ModelDescription: Desktop
GARP
LayerClasses: 10
Threshold: na
Value range: na
NumberUniquePoints: 155
EnvironmentalLayers: daily temperature range, precipitation,
mean minimum temperature, mean maximum temperature,
mean temperature, vapor pressure (obtained
from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change for the years 1961-1990), aspect, elevation, and slope.
RelatedInformation: Levine, R. S., A. T. Peterson, and M. Q. Benedict. 2004. Distribution of Members of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Implications for Their Roles in Malaria Transmission in the United States. Journal of Medical entomology 41(4):607-613.
SubmitterAddress: IAEA Agency's Laboratories/NAHU A-2444 Seibersdorf Austria
DateLastModified: 2003-11-10
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.1degrees
ModelDescription: Desktop
GARP
LayerClasses: 10
Threshold: na
Value range: na
NumberUniquePoints: 32
EnvironmentalLayers: daily temperature range, precipitation,
mean minimum temperature, mean maximum temperature,
mean temperature, vapor pressure (obtained
from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change for the years 1961-1990), aspect, elevation, and slope.
RelatedInformation: Levine, R. S., A. T. Peterson, and M. Q. Benedict. 2004. Distribution of Members of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Implications for Their Roles in Malaria Transmission in the United States. Journal of Medical entomology 41(4):607-613.
SubmitterAddress: IAEA Agency's Laboratories/NAHU A-2444 Seibersdorf Austria
DateLastModified: 2003-11-10
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.1degrees
ModelDescription: Desktop
GARP
LayerClasses: 10
Threshold: na
Value range: na
NumberUniquePoints: 44
EnvironmentalLayers: daily temperature range, precipitation,
mean minimum temperature, mean maximum temperature,
mean temperature, vapor pressure (obtained
from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change for the years 1961-1990), aspect, elevation, and slope.
RelatedInformation: Levine, R. S., A. T. Peterson, and M. Q. Benedict. 2004. Distribution of Members of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Implications for Their Roles in Malaria Transmission in the United States. Journal of Medical entomology 41(4):607-613.
SubmitterAddress: IAEA Agency's Laboratories/NAHU A-2444 Seibersdorf Austria
DateLastModified: 2003-11-10
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.1degrees
ModelDescription: Desktop
GARP
LayerClasses: 10
Threshold: na
Value range: na
NumberUniquePoints: No data
EnvironmentalLayers: daily temperature range, precipitation,
mean minimum temperature, mean maximum temperature,
mean temperature, vapor pressure (obtained
from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change for the years 1961-1990), aspect, elevation, and slope.
RelatedInformation: Levine, R. S., A. T. Peterson, and M. Q. Benedict. 2004. Distribution of Members of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Implications for Their Roles in Malaria Transmission in the United States. Journal of Medical entomology 41(4):607-613.
SubmitterAddress: IAEA Agency's Laboratories/NAHU A-2444 Seibersdorf Austria
DateLastModified: 2003-11-10
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 0.1degrees
ModelDescription: Desktop
GARP
LayerClasses: 10
Threshold: na
Value range: na
NumberUniquePoints: No data
EnvironmentalLayers: daily temperature range, precipitation,
mean minimum temperature, mean maximum temperature,
mean temperature, vapor pressure (obtained
from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change for the years 1961-1990), aspect, elevation, and slope.
RelatedInformation: Levine, R. S., A. T. Peterson, and M. Q. Benedict. 2004. Distribution of Members of Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say s.l. (Diptera: Culicidae) and Implications for Their Roles in Malaria Transmission in the United States. Journal of Medical entomology 41(4):607-613.
SubmitterAddress: Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa K1N6N5, Canada
DateLastModified: 2009-11-20
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 30 metres (resampled to 1 km)
ModelDescription: Maximum Entropy (Maxent)
LayerClasses: 2
Threshold: average predicted suitability of training records from ten model replicates
Value range: 0, 1 (Value of each pixel represents probability of absence (0) or presence (1) of species occurrence in that pixel)
NumberUniquePoints: 20
EnvironmentalLayers: precipitation seasonality, max temperature of warmest month, land cover, human population density, precipitation of warmest month, temperature annual range, temperature seasonality, precipitation of coldest month, altitude
RelatedInformation: Kulkarni MA, Desrochers RE and Kerr JT (2010) High resolution niche models of malaria vectors in Tanzania: A new capacity to predict malaria risk? PLoS ONE 5(2): e9396
SubmitterAddress: Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa K1N6N5, Canada
DateLastModified: 2009-11-20
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 30 metres (resampled to 1 km)
ModelDescription: Maximum Entropy (Maxent)
LayerClasses: 2
Threshold: average predicted suitability of training records from ten model replicates
Value range: 0, 1 (Value of each pixel represents probability of absence (0) or presence (1) of species occurrence in that pixel)
NumberUniquePoints: 10
EnvironmentalLayers: precipitation seasonality, max temperature of warmest month, land cover, human population density, temperature seasonality, altitude
RelatedInformation: Kulkarni MA, Desrochers RE and Kerr JT (2010) High resolution niche models of malaria vectors in Tanzania: A new capacity to predict malaria risk? PLoS ONE 5(2): e9396
SubmitterAddress: Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa K1N6N5, Canada
DateLastModified: 2009-11-20
InformationWithheld: No data
SpatialResolution: 30 metres (resampled to 1 km)
ModelDescription: Maximum Entropy (Maxent)
LayerClasses: 2
Threshold: average predicted suitability of training records from ten model replicates
Value range: 0, 1 (Value of each pixel represents probability of absence (0) or presence (1) of species occurrence in that pixel)
NumberUniquePoints: 10
EnvironmentalLayers: precipitation of coldest quarter, land cover, altitude, max temperature of coldest month, annual precipitation, mean temperature of warmest quarter, max temperature of warmest month, precipitation of driest quarter, precipitation of warmest quarter, human population density
RelatedInformation: Kulkarni MA, Desrochers RE and Kerr JT (2010) High resolution niche models of malaria vectors in Tanzania: A new capacity to predict malaria risk? PLoS ONE 5(2): e9396